The Finance Algorithm

Maritime Offshore Oil and Gas Award pay rates

Award code MA000086, with rates in force from 1 July 2026.

Minimum pay for 279 adult classifications under the Maritime Offshore Oil and Gas Award 2020, from 1 July 2026: $50,410 to $96,240 a year before tax.

Lowest adult rate

$50,410a year

For Drill ships, Provisional IR, over 18 years. Up 4.75% from $48,124.

Its lowest adult rate is $50,410 a year. Of the 14 awards that set annual rates, 12 have a higher minimum. Each tick is another award.

Pay by group of classifications

Dollars a year, from 1 July 2026
  1. Facilities48 classifications$71,015 to $96,240
  2. Support vessels42 classifications$61,489 to $93,348
  3. Supply vessels15 classifications$61,489 to $82,470
  4. Stand-by/utility vessels12 classifications$61,489 to $80,141
  5. Self-propelled drilling vessels and thruster assisted vessels96 classifications$50,410 to $92,569
  6. Seismic survey vessels21 classifications$50,410 to $87,907
  7. Non-propelled MODUs under tow9 classifications$61,489 to $87,907
  8. Vessels engaged in operations in the north-west shelf coastal areas36 classifications$61,489 to $82,470
Lowest to highest adult rate in each group, a year

Every classification in each group is in the tables below.

Minimum pay by classification from 1 July 2026

Annual rates are full-time salaries.

FacilitiesClause 13.1(a)

ClassificationAnnual
Aggregate annual salaryCaterer$71,015
Aggregate annual salaryCook$71,015
Aggregate annual salaryIntegrated Rating$71,015
Aggregate annual salaryDeck/Communication Officer$73,599
Aggregate annual salarySecond Officer$73,599
Aggregate annual salaryChief Caterer$74,740
Aggregate annual salaryChief Cook$74,740
Aggregate annual salaryChief Integrated Rating$74,740
Aggregate annual salaryChief Steward$74,740
Aggregate annual salaryChief Officer$76,876
Aggregate annual salaryElectrical Engineer$79,648
Aggregate annual salarySecond Engineer$79,648
Aggregate annual salaryFirst Engineer$82,925
Aggregate annual salaryFacility Master$91,784
Aggregate annual salaryMaster$91,784
Aggregate annual salaryChief Engineer$96,240
Aggregate overtime componentCaterer$71,015
Aggregate overtime componentCook$71,015
Aggregate overtime componentIntegrated Rating$71,015
Aggregate overtime componentDeck/Communication Officer$73,599
Aggregate overtime componentSecond Officer$73,599
Aggregate overtime componentChief Caterer$74,740
Aggregate overtime componentChief Cook$74,740
Aggregate overtime componentChief Integrated Rating$74,740
Aggregate overtime componentChief Steward$74,740
Aggregate overtime componentChief Officer$76,876
Aggregate overtime componentElectrical Engineer$79,648
Aggregate overtime componentSecond Engineer$79,648
Aggregate overtime componentFirst Engineer$82,925
Aggregate overtime componentFacility Master$91,784
Aggregate overtime componentMaster$91,784
Aggregate overtime componentChief Engineer$96,240
Minimum salaryCaterer$71,015
Minimum salaryCook$71,015
Minimum salaryIntegrated Rating$71,015
Minimum salaryDeck/Communication Officer$73,599
Minimum salarySecond Officer$73,599
Minimum salaryChief Caterer$74,740
Minimum salaryChief Cook$74,740
Minimum salaryChief Integrated Rating$74,740
Minimum salaryChief Steward$74,740
Minimum salaryChief Officer$76,876
Minimum salaryElectrical Engineer$79,648
Minimum salarySecond Engineer$79,648
Minimum salaryFirst Engineer$82,925
Minimum salaryFacility Master$91,784
Minimum salaryMaster$91,784
Minimum salaryChief Engineer$96,240

Support vesselsClause 13.1(b)

ClassificationAnnual
Aggregate annual salaryDivision 1, 64 metres or less - Integrated Rating$61,489
Aggregate annual salaryDivision 2, more than 64 metres - Integrated Rating$65,082
Aggregate annual salaryDivision 1, 64 metres or less - Second Engineer$72,367
Aggregate annual salaryDivision 1, 64 metres or less - Second Mate$72,367
Aggregate annual salaryDivision 2, more than 64 metres - Second Engineer$76,720
Aggregate annual salaryDivision 2, more than 64 metres - Second Mate$76,720
Aggregate annual salaryDivision 1, 64 metres or less - First Engineer$79,362
Aggregate annual salaryDivision 1, 64 metres or less - First Mate$79,362
Aggregate annual salaryDivision 2, more than 64 metres - First Engineer$84,200
Aggregate annual salaryDivision 2, more than 64 metres - First Mate$84,200
Aggregate annual salaryDivision 1, 64 metres or less - Chief Engineer$86,355
Aggregate annual salaryDivision 2, more than 64 metres - Chief Engineer$91,683
Aggregate annual salaryDivision 1, 64 metres or less - Master$87,907
Aggregate annual salaryDivision 2, more than 64 metres - Master$93,348
Aggregate overtime componentDivision 1, 64 metres or less - Integrated Rating$61,489
Aggregate overtime componentDivision 2, more than 64 metres - Integrated Rating$65,082
Aggregate overtime componentDivision 1, 64 metres or less - Second Engineer$72,367
Aggregate overtime componentDivision 1, 64 metres or less - Second Mate$72,367
Aggregate overtime componentDivision 2, more than 64 metres - Second Engineer$76,720
Aggregate overtime componentDivision 2, more than 64 metres - Second Mate$76,720
Aggregate overtime componentDivision 1, 64 metres or less - First Engineer$79,362
Aggregate overtime componentDivision 1, 64 metres or less - First Mate$79,362
Aggregate overtime componentDivision 2, more than 64 metres - First Engineer$84,200
Aggregate overtime componentDivision 2, more than 64 metres - First Mate$84,200
Aggregate overtime componentDivision 1, 64 metres or less - Chief Engineer$86,355
Aggregate overtime componentDivision 2, more than 64 metres - Chief Engineer$91,683
Aggregate overtime componentDivision 1, 64 metres or less - Master$87,907
Aggregate overtime componentDivision 2, more than 64 metres - Master$93,348
Minimum salaryDivision 1, 64 metres or less - Integrated Rating$61,489
Minimum salaryDivision 2, more than 64 metres - Integrated Rating$65,082
Minimum salaryDivision 1, 64 metres or less - Second Engineer$72,367
Minimum salaryDivision 1, 64 metres or less - Second Mate$72,367
Minimum salaryDivision 2, more than 64 metres - Second Engineer$76,720
Minimum salaryDivision 2, more than 64 metres - Second Mate$76,720
Minimum salaryDivision 1, 64 metres or less - First Engineer$79,362
Minimum salaryDivision 1, 64 metres or less - First Mate$79,362
Minimum salaryDivision 2, more than 64 metres - First Engineer$84,200
Minimum salaryDivision 2, more than 64 metres - First Mate$84,200
Minimum salaryDivision 1, 64 metres or less - Chief Engineer$86,355
Minimum salaryDivision 2, more than 64 metres - Chief Engineer$91,683
Minimum salaryDivision 1, 64 metres or less - Master$87,907
Minimum salaryDivision 2, more than 64 metres - Master$93,348

Supply vesselsClause 13.1(c)

ClassificationAnnual
Aggregate annual salaryIntegrated Rating$61,489
Aggregate annual salarySecond Mate/Second Engineer$68,019
Aggregate annual salaryFirst Mate/First Engineer$74,519
Aggregate annual salaryChief Engineer$81,022
Aggregate annual salaryMaster$82,470
Aggregate overtime componentIntegrated Rating$61,489
Aggregate overtime componentSecond Mate/Second Engineer$68,019
Aggregate overtime componentFirst Mate/First Engineer$74,519
Aggregate overtime componentChief Engineer$81,022
Aggregate overtime componentMaster$82,470
Minimum salaryIntegrated Rating$61,489
Minimum salarySecond Mate/Second Engineer$68,019
Minimum salaryFirst Mate/First Engineer$74,519
Minimum salaryChief Engineer$81,022
Minimum salaryMaster$82,470

Stand-by/utility vesselsClause 13.1(d)

ClassificationAnnual
Aggregate annual salaryIntegrated Rating$61,489
Aggregate annual salaryFirst Mate/First Engineer$72,445
Aggregate annual salaryChief Engineer$78,736
Aggregate annual salaryMaster$80,141
Aggregate overtime componentIntegrated Rating$61,489
Aggregate overtime componentFirst Mate/First Engineer$72,445
Aggregate overtime componentChief Engineer$78,736
Aggregate overtime componentMaster$80,141
Minimum salaryIntegrated Rating$61,489
Minimum salaryFirst Mate/First Engineer$72,445
Minimum salaryChief Engineer$78,736
Minimum salaryMaster$80,141

Self-propelled drilling vessels and thruster assisted vesselsClause 13.1(e)

ClassificationAnnual
Aggregate annual salaryDrill ships, Provisional IR, over 18 years$50,410
Aggregate annual salarySemi-submersible - Provisional IR, over 18 years$50,410
Aggregate annual salaryDrill ships, Caterer$67,860
Aggregate annual salaryDrill ships, Integrated Rating$67,860
Aggregate annual salaryDrill ships, Second Cook$67,860
Aggregate annual salarySemi-submersible - Caterer$64,598
Aggregate annual salarySemi-submersible - Integrated Rating$64,598
Aggregate annual salarySemi-submersible - Second Cook$64,598
Aggregate annual salaryDrill ships, Bosun’s Mate$69,509
Aggregate annual salarySemi-submersible - Bosun’s Mate$66,156
Aggregate annual salaryDrill ships, Bosun/Chief Integrated Rating$71,982
Aggregate annual salaryDrill ships, Chief Caterer$71,982
Aggregate annual salaryDrill ships, Chief Cook$71,982
Aggregate annual salarySemi-submersible - Bosun/Chief Integrated Rating$68,487
Aggregate annual salarySemi-submersible - Chief Caterer$68,487
Aggregate annual salarySemi-submersible - Chief Cook$68,487
Aggregate annual salaryDrill ships, Marine Electrician$76,096
Aggregate annual salaryDrill ships, Radio Officer$76,096
Aggregate annual salaryDrill ships, Second Engineer$76,096
Aggregate annual salaryDrill ships, Second Mate$76,096
Aggregate annual salarySemi-submersible - Marine Electrician$72,367
Aggregate annual salarySemi-submersible - Radio Officer$72,367
Aggregate annual salarySemi-submersible - Second Engineer$72,367
Aggregate annual salarySemi-submersible - Second Mate$72,367
Aggregate annual salaryDrill ships, First Engineer$83,514
Aggregate annual salaryDrill ships, First Mate$83,514
Aggregate annual salarySemi-submersible - First Engineer$79,362
Aggregate annual salarySemi-submersible - First Mate$79,362
Aggregate annual salaryDrill ships, Chief Engineer$90,921
Aggregate annual salarySemi-submersible - Chief Engineer$86,355
Aggregate annual salaryDrill ships, Master$92,569
Aggregate annual salarySemi-submersible - Master$87,907
Aggregate overtime componentDrill ships, Provisional IR, over 18 years$50,410
Aggregate overtime componentSemi-submersible - Provisional IR, over 18 years$50,410
Aggregate overtime componentDrill ships, Caterer$67,860
Aggregate overtime componentDrill ships, Integrated Rating$67,860
Aggregate overtime componentDrill ships, Second Cook$67,860
Aggregate overtime componentSemi-submersible - Caterer$64,598
Aggregate overtime componentSemi-submersible - Integrated Rating$64,598
Aggregate overtime componentSemi-submersible - Second Cook$64,598
Aggregate overtime componentDrill ships, Bosun’s Mate$69,509
Aggregate overtime componentSemi-submersible - Bosun’s Mate$66,156
Aggregate overtime componentDrill ships, Bosun/Chief Integrated Rating$71,982
Aggregate overtime componentDrill ships, Chief Caterer$71,982
Aggregate overtime componentDrill ships, Chief Cook$71,982
Aggregate overtime componentSemi-submersible - Bosun/Chief Integrated Rating$68,487
Aggregate overtime componentSemi-submersible - Chief Caterer$68,487
Aggregate overtime componentSemi-submersible - Chief Cook$68,487
Aggregate overtime componentDrill ships, Marine Electrician$76,096
Aggregate overtime componentDrill ships, Radio Officer$76,096
Aggregate overtime componentDrill ships, Second Engineer$76,096
Aggregate overtime componentDrill ships, Second Mate$76,096
Aggregate overtime componentSemi-submersible - Marine Electrician$72,367
Aggregate overtime componentSemi-submersible - Radio Officer$72,367
Aggregate overtime componentSemi-submersible - Second Engineer$72,367
Aggregate overtime componentSemi-submersible - Second Mate$72,367
Aggregate overtime componentDrill ships, First Engineer$83,514
Aggregate overtime componentDrill ships, First Mate$83,514
Aggregate overtime componentSemi-submersible - First Engineer$79,362
Aggregate overtime componentSemi-submersible - First Mate$79,362
Aggregate overtime componentDrill ships, Chief Engineer$90,921
Aggregate overtime componentSemi-submersible - Chief Engineer$86,355
Aggregate overtime componentDrill ships, Master$92,569
Aggregate overtime componentSemi-submersible - Master$87,907
Minimum salaryDrill ships, Provisional IR, over 18 years$50,410
Minimum salarySemi-submersible - Provisional IR, over 18 years$50,410
Minimum salaryDrill ships, Caterer$67,860
Minimum salaryDrill ships, Integrated Rating$67,860
Minimum salaryDrill ships, Second Cook$67,860
Minimum salarySemi-submersible - Caterer$64,598
Minimum salarySemi-submersible - Integrated Rating$64,598
Minimum salarySemi-submersible - Second Cook$64,598
Minimum salaryDrill ships, Bosun’s Mate$69,509
Minimum salarySemi-submersible - Bosun’s Mate$66,156
Minimum salaryDrill ships, Bosun/Chief Integrated Rating$71,982
Minimum salaryDrill ships, Chief Caterer$71,982
Minimum salaryDrill ships, Chief Cook$71,982
Minimum salarySemi-submersible - Bosun/Chief Integrated Rating$68,487
Minimum salarySemi-submersible - Chief Caterer$68,487
Minimum salarySemi-submersible - Chief Cook$68,487
Minimum salaryDrill ships, Marine Electrician$76,096
Minimum salaryDrill ships, Radio Officer$76,096
Minimum salaryDrill ships, Second Engineer$76,096
Minimum salaryDrill ships, Second Mate$76,096
Minimum salarySemi-submersible - Marine Electrician$72,367
Minimum salarySemi-submersible - Radio Officer$72,367
Minimum salarySemi-submersible - Second Engineer$72,367
Minimum salarySemi-submersible - Second Mate$72,367
Minimum salaryDrill ships, First Engineer$83,514
Minimum salaryDrill ships, First Mate$83,514
Minimum salarySemi-submersible - First Engineer$79,362
Minimum salarySemi-submersible - First Mate$79,362
Minimum salaryDrill ships, Chief Engineer$90,921
Minimum salarySemi-submersible - Chief Engineer$86,355
Minimum salaryDrill ships, Master$92,569
Minimum salarySemi-submersible - Master$87,907

Seismic survey vesselsClause 13.1(f)

ClassificationAnnual
Aggregate annual salaryProvisional IR, over 18 years$50,410
Aggregate annual salaryCaterer Cook$61,489
Aggregate annual salaryChief Cook/Chief Caterer$66,929
Aggregate annual salaryIntegrated Ratings$72,367
Aggregate annual salarySecond Mate/Second Engineer$79,362
Aggregate annual salaryFirst Mate/First Engineer$86,355
Aggregate annual salaryMaster$87,907
Aggregate overtime componentProvisional IR, over 18 years$50,410
Aggregate overtime componentCaterer Cook$61,489
Aggregate overtime componentChief Cook/Chief Caterer$66,929
Aggregate overtime componentIntegrated Ratings$72,367
Aggregate overtime componentSecond Mate/Second Engineer$79,362
Aggregate overtime componentFirst Mate/First Engineer$86,355
Aggregate overtime componentMaster$87,907
Minimum salaryProvisional IR, over 18 years$50,410
Minimum salaryCaterer Cook$61,489
Minimum salaryChief Cook/Chief Caterer$66,929
Minimum salaryIntegrated Ratings$72,367
Minimum salarySecond Mate/Second Engineer$79,362
Minimum salaryFirst Mate/First Engineer$86,355
Minimum salaryMaster$87,907

Non-propelled MODUs under towClause 13.1(g)

ClassificationAnnual
Aggregate annual salaryIntegrated Rating$61,489
Aggregate annual salaryMate$79,362
Aggregate annual salaryMaster$87,907
Aggregate overtime componentIntegrated Rating$61,489
Aggregate overtime componentMate$79,362
Aggregate overtime componentMaster$87,907
Minimum salaryIntegrated Rating$61,489
Minimum salaryMate$79,362
Minimum salaryMaster$87,907

Vessels engaged in operations in the north-west shelf coastal areasClause 13.1(h)

ClassificationAnnual
Aggregate annual salaryMary Anne tide or equivalent, Deckhand/Integrated Rating$61,489
Aggregate annual salaryMooring assistant/utility vessels - Deckhand/Integrated Rating$61,489
Aggregate annual salaryUtility vessels including landing barges, Deckhand/Integrated Rating$61,489
Aggregate annual salaryMary Anne tide or equivalent, Mate$74,519
Aggregate annual salaryMooring assistant/utility vessels - Chief Engineer$73,434
Aggregate annual salaryUtility vessels including landing barges, Mate$70,078
Aggregate annual salaryMary Anne tide or equivalent, Chief Engineer$81,022
Aggregate annual salaryMooring assistant/utility vessels - Mate$66,690
Aggregate annual salaryUtility vessels including landing barges, Chief Engineer$77,165
Aggregate annual salaryMary Anne tide or equivalent, Master$82,470
Aggregate annual salaryMooring assistant/utility vessels - Master$74,932
Aggregate annual salaryUtility vessels including landing barges, Master$78,736
Aggregate overtime componentMary Anne tide or equivalent, Deckhand/Integrated Rating$61,489
Aggregate overtime componentMooring assistant/utility vessels - Deckhand/Integrated Rating$61,489
Aggregate overtime componentUtility vessels including landing barges, Deckhand/Integrated Rating$61,489
Aggregate overtime componentMary Anne tide or equivalent, Mate$74,519
Aggregate overtime componentMooring assistant/utility vessels - Chief Engineer$73,434
Aggregate overtime componentUtility vessels including landing barges, Mate$70,078
Aggregate overtime componentMary Anne tide or equivalent, Chief Engineer$81,022
Aggregate overtime componentMooring assistant/utility vessels - Mate$66,690
Aggregate overtime componentUtility vessels including landing barges, Chief Engineer$77,165
Aggregate overtime componentMary Anne tide or equivalent, Master$82,470
Aggregate overtime componentMooring assistant/utility vessels - Master$74,932
Aggregate overtime componentUtility vessels including landing barges, Master$78,736
Minimum salaryMary Anne tide or equivalent, Deckhand/Integrated Rating$61,489
Minimum salaryMooring assistant/utility vessels - Deckhand/Integrated Rating$61,489
Minimum salaryUtility vessels including landing barges, Deckhand/Integrated Rating$61,489
Minimum salaryMary Anne tide or equivalent, Mate$74,519
Minimum salaryMooring assistant/utility vessels - Chief Engineer$73,434
Minimum salaryUtility vessels including landing barges, Mate$70,078
Minimum salaryMary Anne tide or equivalent, Chief Engineer$81,022
Minimum salaryMooring assistant/utility vessels - Mate$66,690
Minimum salaryUtility vessels including landing barges, Chief Engineer$77,165
Minimum salaryMary Anne tide or equivalent, Master$82,470
Minimum salaryMooring assistant/utility vessels - Master$74,932
Minimum salaryUtility vessels including landing barges, Master$78,736

The Commission's pay database has no penalty, overtime or casual rates for this award, so they aren't shown here. They're in the award itself, linked below.

Juniors, apprentices and other arrangements

Rates that depend on age, training or another arrangement. Open a group to see its rates.

Self-propelled drilling vessels and thruster assisted vesselsJunior ratesClause 13.1(e)6 rates
ClassificationAnnual
Aggregate annual salaryDrill ships, Provisional IR, under 18 years$38,684
Aggregate annual salarySemi-submersible - Provisional IR, under 18 years$38,684
Aggregate overtime componentDrill ships, Provisional IR, under 18 years$38,684
Aggregate overtime componentSemi-submersible - Provisional IR, under 18 years$38,684
Minimum salaryDrill ships, Provisional IR, under 18 years$38,684
Minimum salarySemi-submersible - Provisional IR, under 18 years$38,684
Seismic survey vesselsJunior ratesClause 13.1(f)3 rates
ClassificationAnnual
Aggregate annual salaryProvisional IR, under 18 years$38,038
Aggregate overtime componentProvisional IR, under 18 years$38,038
Minimum salaryProvisional IR, under 18 years$38,038

Allowances paid on top

6 allowances are for the work itself, paid when the job calls for it, and 14 cover costs you'd otherwise pay yourself, like meals, laundry or travel. The amounts are the Commission's, in force today; the award sets out exactly who gets each one and when.

For the work

Maritime Offshore Oil and Gas Award allowances for the work
AllowanceAmount
Vessels wrecked or strandedClause 15.2(a)$34.76 an hour
Allowances specific to vessels other than floating production facilities
Shared accommodationClause 15.3(a)$49.55 a day
Vessels temporarily engaged in carriage and handling of cargoClause 15.3(b)$65.86 a day
Hard-lying 2 berth cabinClause 15.3(c)$61.96 a day
Hard-lying 4 berth cabinClause 15.3(c)$99.21 a day
Allowance specific to floating production facilities, CommunicationClause 15.4(a)$5.91 per completed fortnight

To cover costs

Maritime Offshore Oil and Gas Award allowances to cover costs
AllowanceAmount
Personal accident insurance, an amount for cover ofClause 15.4(c)$174,617.00 each time
Living away from home
Temporary residence away from home portClause 15.5(d)(i)$180.64 a week
Temporary residence away from home port - with spouse and/or dependent childrenClause 15.5(d)(ii)$254.72 a week
Meal
BreakfastClause 16.2(a)$25.40 each time
DinnerClause 16.2(a)$50.81 each time
LunchClause 16.2(a)$30.45 each time
Meal and accommodation
AccommodationClause 16.2(b)$199.59 each time
BreakfastClause 16.2(b)$25.40 each time
DinnerClause 16.2(b)$50.81 each time
LunchClause 16.2(b)$30.45 each time
Total, an amount of up toClause 16.2(b)$306.25 each time
Foreign port conditions - victuallingClause 16.2(c)(iv)$198.05 per rest and recreation day
TravelClause 16.3(b)$78.80 per trip
Vessels wrecked or stranded, an amount of up toClause 16.5$5,662.00 each time

The award is the final word

These are the minimum rates the Fair Work Commission publishes for the award. Shift rules, rostering and who each classification covers are in the award itself, and an enterprise agreement can set different pay. Employees no award or agreement covers get the National Minimum Wage: $26.44 an hour from 1 July 2026.

Questions people ask

What is the minimum pay rate under the Maritime Offshore Oil and Gas Award?
From 1 July 2026, the lowest adult rate is $50,410 a year, for Drill ships, Provisional IR, over 18 years. The highest adult classification is $96,240 a year. Junior rates, further down, can be lower.
How does the Maritime Offshore Oil and Gas Award minimum compare?
Its lowest adult rate is $50,410 a year. Of the 14 awards that set annual rates, 12 have a higher minimum.
How much did Maritime Offshore Oil and Gas Award rates go up on 1 July 2026?
The lowest adult rate rose 4.75%, from $48,124 to $50,410 a year, in the Fair Work Commission's Annual Wage Review. The table shows each classification's rate before and after.
What allowances are paid under the Maritime Offshore Oil and Gas Award?
20 allowances have a dollar amount set by the Commission, including a vessels wrecked or stranded of $34.76 an hour, an allowances specific to vessels other than floating production facilities, Shared accommodation of $49.55 a day and an allowances specific to vessels other than floating production facilities, Vessels temporarily engaged in carriage and handling of cargo of $65.86 a day. The full list, with the clause each comes from, is on this page.
Where do these rates come from?
The Fair Work Commission's Modern Awards Pay Database, which publishes every award's minimum rates; we read it when the Commission changes an award. The award itself prevails if the two ever differ, and an enterprise agreement can set different pay.

Source: Fair Work Commission, Modern Awards Pay Database, licensed CC BY 4.0, read 27 Oct 2026 and arranged by The Finance Algorithm. Not endorsed by the Fair Work Commission. Read with the award: if they differ, the award prevails. General information, not legal or payroll advice.